The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Plants are an important source of medicines since ancient times. The traditional system medicine’s use a variety of native plants to diagnose, prevent, and eliminate acute and chronic diseases.
Plants have been a major source of medicines in ancient times, and are natural sources of anti oxidants and phytochemicals that act as secondary metabolites. In the system of traditional medicine, various native plants are to diagnose, prevent, and eliminate acute and chronic diseases.The current demand for herbal medicines, health products and pharmaceuticals worldwide is increasing
The major bioactive constituents which are responsible for its medicinal value such as steroid saponins, quercetin, flavonoids, rutin, kaempferol and polyphenols
Satawar (
According to the standard method outlined in the Official Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC)
A powder sample of 5 grams of Satawar tubers was packed into a thimble prepared from filter paper (Whatman No. 1) and extracted using a classic soxhlet extractor. In this apparatus equipped with a 500 mL round bottom flask and distilled water as solvent, half siphons (240-270 mL) of different pHs (2, 4,7and 9) were added and the pH was adjusted using conc. HCl and NaOH pellets. Extraction is carried out at the boiling point of the solvent. The solvent vapour condenses the heat in the rising condenser. After condensing, they overflow into a chamber containing a thimble containing a sample of Satawar tubers. When extraction was complete, each extract was filtered and this process was repeated 3 times, and then the obtained filtrate was stored in a storage container for further experiments.
Total phenolic content of aqueous extracts of different pHs, namely 2,4,7 and 9 Satawar tubers, was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu method.
The flavonoid content of aqueous extracts of different pHs, namely 2, 4, 7 and 9 Satawar tubers, were determined using aluminum chloride colorimetric analysis
Antioxidant activity was assessed with aqueous extracts of Satawar tubers at different pHs, namely 2,4,7 and 9, using the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity method
Where, Acontrol= control absorbance, Asample= sample absorbance
For pH 2, 4, 7, and 9, the total antioxidant capacity of Satawar tubers from aqueous extracts was determined using the modified phosphomolybdenum method given by
All experiments were performed in triplicate for statistical study and expressed as mean ± SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess significant differences between the means of the samples in online statistical analysis (OPSTAT). IC50 values of DPPH free radical scavenging activity were calculated using quadratic regression equations (
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3.67 ± 0.33 |
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7.67 ± 0.33 |
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2.23 ± 0.15 |
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42.67 ± 1.20 |
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6.43 ± 0.35 |
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43.00 ± 0.58 |
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213.83 ± 1.59 |
Data are determined into means ± standard deviation (n = 3)
The characterization of raw materials is a mandatory step of determining the nutrient quality and value. Current study consists of two stages, in the first phase of Satawar tubers ready to analyze diet, chemistry and mineral components. Secondly, the extraction of the biometric active tuber compound of Satawar was performed at different pHs to evaluate the antioxidant activity. After that, the data were collected for statistical analysis and confirmed the level of importance. Consequences with the argument of the research properties discussed here.
The nutritional composition of Satawar tubers was determined by proximity analysis. This work was conducted to evaluate the potential for nutritional and therapeutic usefulness of Satawar tuber rhizomes. In the present investigation, moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, total carbohydrate and calorific values were measured at the levels of 3.67 ± 0.33%, 7.67 ± 0.33%, 2.23 ± 0.15%, and 42.67 ± 1.20 %, 6.43 ± 0.35%, 43.00 ± 0.58%, 213.83 ± 1.59 kcal in tubers of Satawar (
In the current study, tubers analyzed by chemical analysis have a 19.48 ± 0.77 mg CE / g tannin content and a 3.51 ± 0.23% saponin content (
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0.79 ± 0.01 |
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6.48 ± 0.04 |
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17.67 ± 1.38 |
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1305.00 ± 92.51 |
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26.67 ± 1.76 |
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145.33 ± 6.03 |
Data are determined into means ± standard deviation (n = 3)
Using the formula (y = 0.0104x + 0.0079, R² = 0.9989), the calibration curve for gallic acid used as a standard dose of total phenol was determined in mg GAE/g of aqueous extracts at different pHs 2,4,7,9 of Satawar tubers. The highest phenol content was found at pH 9 (18.88), followed by pH 4 (9.32), pH 7 (2.41) and pH 2 (2.30 mg GAE / g). These results showed that wide variations in data at different pH and other researcher also find this type of variation. The phenol content first increased by raising the pH to 2-4, then decreased to pH 7, and then the pH increased.Phenolic compounds were extracted from Chamomile (
Similarly, it was determined in mg CE/g using the formula (y = 0.0018x + 0.0038, R² = 0.998) obtained from a calibration curve for catechins used as standard doses of flavonoids. The flavonoid content was highest at pH 9 (2.83), followed by pH 2 (2.05), pH 4 (1.70), and pH 7 (0.55) mg CE/g, respectively. It was reported that the flavonoid content significantly changed the pH of the extraction solvent (water) and the order of the flavonoids measured in aerial parts of Schultz (
The DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) and IC50value (µg/mL) of aqueous extractsof Satawar tubers at different
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76.35 | 63.70 | 42.77 | 21.54 | 14.00 | 10.69 | 6.48 | 5.12 | a | a |
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a | 61.87 | 42.27 | 23.20 | 12.77 | 7.37 | 3.96 | 3.06 | 2.52 | 1.98 |
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77.35 | 76.21 | 47.09 | 12.14 | 11.49 | 8.25 | 6.31 | 4.37 | 2.27 | a |
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74.81 | 52.45 | 31.91 | 19.90 | 15.90 | 10.85 | 8.79 | 8.40 | a | a |
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‘a’ represent absent of DPPH free radical scavenging activity
Calculated in mg AAE / g using the equation (y = 0.0066x + 0.0036, R² = 0.999) obtained from the ascorbic acid calibration curve used for standard total antioxidant capacity. Total antioxidant capacity was found to be highest at pH 2 (15.96), followed by pH 7 (15.03), pH 9 (9.32) and pH 4 (8.52) mg AAE / g respectively. Total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum method at different
Variations in the results of this phytochemical and antioxidant activity and total antioxidant capacity are likely due to changes in the pKa values of the reactions, and are related to the degree of ionization and deprotonation of functional group of the compound. Deprotonation of phenolic compounds can affect the thermodynamics of hydrogen atom delivery.
From the above study, it could be concluded that the phytochemicals, free radical scavenging activity of DPPH and the total antioxidant capacity were significantly affected by the aqueous extracts prepared at different pHs. (2,4,7 and 9) and the results of the study data clearly indicate that different amounts of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH have been demonstrated by aqueous extracts at different pH levels of Satawar tubers. The maximum content of flavonoids in the aqueous extract at pH 9 indicates that the pH value is an excellent factor for estimating flavonoids. Total antioxidant capacity at a pH greater than 2 indicates that it is the best for antioxidant capacity. The ability of scavenge free radicals by DPPH was highest at neutral pH, suggesting that at pH 7, Satawar tubers act as potent antioxidants. The Significant positive correlations between the IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity and phytochemicals and the significant negative correlation between total antioxidant capacity and phytochemicals suggested that phenolics and flavonoids were the main contributors to the total antioxidant capacity of Satawar tubers.