The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Over the decades there have been problems associated with Particulate Matter (PM) arising from anthropogenic activities. Evaluation and health risk assessment of PM associated with football field was carried out in 5 sampling locations, including the control station. Digital portable AEROCET 513 (Metone instrument) PM meter was used for the evaluation Results showed levels of PM for; PM1.0(13.73 – 20.18 µg/m3), PM2.5 (19.11 – 28.83 µg/m3), PM4.0 (24.73 – 44.63 µg/m3), PM7.0 (41.07 – 67.04 µg/m3), and PM10 ranging from 65.48 – 90.82 µg/m3. In addition, value of the control station was lowest amongst all recorded values of PM (p<0.05). Based on Air Quality Index evaluation, the football fields were predominantly rated as unhealthy, with other cases rates as; hazardous and unsafe for sensitive group. This investigation therefore concludes that the emission of PM from the football field are reflection of vehicular emissions and agitated dust particles. Hence mitigable measure must be applied without much ado, in order to ameliorate the daily chronic exposure to PM.
Air pollution is the release of substances that are capable of infringing on ambient quality of the air
Particulate matter is a compounding aggregation of solid or liquid particulates that is suspended or persistent in the air over a period of time. Particulate matter vary in sizes, notwithstanding, they are broadly characterized as fine (≤2.5 µm), and coarse PM whose diameter is greater than 2.5 µm. Finer PM poses more health problems due to their ability to penetrate the lung as opposed to coarse and larger PM
As established in literature by Araújo et al.,
The sampling of particulate matter was carried out in 4 randomly selected football field, and a control station (a garden). The four sampling stations were randomly selected with distance of about 1km apart, while the control station had a distance of over 2km. Portable Metone AEROCET 531 Particulate matter meter was used during the sampling. During sampling, the meter was power on with the probe facing the windward direction. The meter runs for approximately 1 minute, after which the result was ready for reading on the screen. Depending on the sizes of the particulate matter, the meter spetiates particulates based on their diameter per cubic meter (µg/m3). As such particulates are characterized as PM1.0, PM2.5, PM4.0, PM7.0, PM10 and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP).
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a model scheme developed to quantify the health risk for air quality in the atmosphere, based on individual air quality and a certain reference of background value. This may include; geometric mean, control or the regulatory limit value of the geographical area
Locations | PM1.0 | PM2.5 | PM4.0 | PM7.0 | PM10 |
L1 | 133.70 | 144.40 | 127.10 | 122.90 | 132.20 |
L2 | 193.88 | 195.40 | 204.43 | 166.20 | 183.30 |
L3 | 177.23 | 180.60 | 169.20 | 153.32 | 150.10 |
L4 | 234.60 | 224.48 | 227.40 | 200.70 | 171.10 |
Keys | |||||
Safe0 -50 | Moderate51 - 100 | Unsafe for Sensitive group 101 - 150 | Unhealthy151 - 200 | Very Unhealthy201 - 300 | Hazardous>301 |
Where V is individual concentration of particulate matter (PM)
All results are expressed as Mean ±Standard Deviation. Analysis of variance was carried out. The applied Post-Hoc was used to establish differences was Duncan’s multiple range test (P<0.05). The Mean data were used to plot charts using Microsoft excel (2013 version).
Result on the spatial levels of particulate matter associated with the football field is presented in
The level of PM2.5 particulate matter associated with the football field ranged from 19.11 – 29.83 µg/m3. The highest value was reported in station L4, while the lowest value was reported in station L1 (
Based on spatial distribution, the levels of PM4.0 particulate matter in the football field ranges from 24.73 – 44.63 µg/m3, with a much more lower value in the control station (19.45 µg/m3) as presented in
Locations | PM1.0 | PM2.5 | PM4.0 | PM7.0 | PM10 |
L1 | 133.70 | 144.40 | 127.10 | 122.90 | 132.20 |
L2 | 193.88 | 195.40 | 204.43 | 166.20 | 183.30 |
L3 | 177.23 | 180.60 | 169.20 | 153.32 | 150.10 |
L4 | 234.60 | 224.48 | 227.40 | 200.70 | 171.10 |
Keys | |||||
Safe0 -50 | Moderate51 - 100 | Unsafe for Sensitive group 101 - 150 | Unhealthy151 - 200 | Very Unhealthy201 - 300 | Hazardous>301 |
As presented in
Result of this study is comparable to previous study of Angaye et al.
As established in literature by several authors, ambient air quality in major cities across Nigeria's have been impaired by emission of Particulate Matter. Total Suspended Particulate ranging from 1033 - 40000 μg/m3 in industrial area of Lagos city
The reports of Obioh
Higher level of particulate matter exceeding regulatory limits of the World Health Organisation (90 μg/m3) have been previously reported across major cities in Nigeria. For instance, the value of PM10 and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), ranging from 118.3 -132.0 and 1033 to 40000 μg/m3 were reported
Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment of Particulate Matter around football field of Yenagoa Metropolis Nigeria was investigated. Model for Air Quality Index (AQI) was used to determine the health risk. Unfortunately, most of the all the football field had significant levels of particulate matter for PM1.0, PM2.5, PM4.0, PM7.0 and PM10. Based on AQI modelling, none of the playground relatively. Health risk indications were; unsafe for sensitive group, unhealthy and very unhealthy. The levels of particulate matter emission is a reflection of anthropogenic activities from agitated dust particles from poor vegetation cover of the field, we also recommend the monitoring of air quality in public places in order to avert chronic intake of particulate matter.