Neoplasia is the process of abnormal, uncontrolled proliferation of cells that exceeds and is uncoordinated with the growth of normal tissue and persists after the initiating stimulus has ceased, giving rise to a neoplasm or tumour. Neoplasms are classified as benign, when they remain localised, grow in a confined m…
Neoplasia is the process of abnormal, uncontrolled proliferation of cells that exceeds and is uncoordinated with the growth of normal tissue and persists after the initiating stimulus has ceased, giving rise to a neoplasm or tumour. Neoplasms are classified as benign, when they remain localised, grow in a confined manner, and do not invade or spread, or malignant, the category that constitutes cancer, in which cells acquire the capacity to invade surrounding tissues and to metastasise to distant sites. Between these poles lie premalignant and intraepithelial lesions that may progress toward malignancy over time, as illustrated by stepwise pathways of carcinogenesis in epithelial tissues. The development of neoplasia is driven by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that disrupt the normal control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and death, and it is influenced by inherited predisposition, certain infectious agents, and environmental exposures; some neoplasms arise within hereditary syndromes affecting multiple organs. Neoplasms span a wide range of cell and tissue types, including epithelial carcinomas, soft-tissue and bone tumours, and lesions of the haematopoietic and other systems, and they occur across species, with veterinary tumours offering comparative insight. Diagnosis and classification rest on histopathological examination supported by immunohistochemical and molecular techniques that assess cell type, behaviour, and prognostic features. Understanding neoplasia underpins the detection, grading, and management of tumours and the broader study of cancer biology.
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