Nasal disorders are conditions affecting the nasal cavity and its associated structures that disturb airflow, olfaction, mucosal health and the protective functions of the nose. They span inflammatory, infectious, structural, allergic and neoplastic categories. Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis cause mucosal inflam…
Nasal disorders are conditions affecting the nasal cavity and its associated structures that disturb airflow, olfaction, mucosal health and the protective functions of the nose. They span inflammatory, infectious, structural, allergic and neoplastic categories. Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis cause mucosal inflammation, congestion, rhinorrhoea and sneezing, and their differentiation is aided by techniques such as nasal cytology and measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Rhinosinusitis, inflammation of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa, may be acute or chronic and is sometimes accompanied by nasal polyps, whose formation has been linked to microbial factors including Helicobacter pylori. Structural disorders such as septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy obstruct airflow and may require surgical correction, where technique selection balances effectiveness against preservation of mucosal function. The nose is also a site of benign and malignant tumours, including pleomorphic adenoma of the nasal septum and sinonasal carcinomas, and of complications arising from adjacent sinus disease. Evaluation combines clinical history and endoscopic examination with imaging and validated symptom instruments such as the sino-nasal outcome test to quantify burden and treatment response. Management ranges from pharmacological therapy for allergy and infection to surgical intervention for structural and neoplastic disease. Because the nose governs breathing, smell and air conditioning, its disorders affect quality of life and are central to rhinology and otolaryngology.
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