International Journal of Lipids

International Journal of Lipids

International Journal of Lipids

Current Issue Volume No: 1 Issue No: 1

Research Article Open Access Available online freely Peer Reviewed Citation

Effect of Wheat Germ, Wheat Germ Oil on Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Ghada Z A Soliman 1  

1Prof Biochem, NNI, Cairo, ARE

Abstract

Hypercholesterolemia plays an important role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that represent one of the greatest worldwide medical problems nowadays. Recently, an increased attention/ interest for natural antioxidant/ hypercholesterolemia as WG/WGO is increasing. Wheat germ/ Wheat germ oil (WG/WGO) is an excellent source of essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. It is one of the richest natural sources of tocopherol. This work aims to evaluate the effect of administration of wheat germ (WG) /wheat germ oil (WGO) for 6 weeks on serum lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (liver malondialdehyde) in hypercholesterolemic rats. One hundred and twenty maleSprague Dawelyrats weighing 180-192 gm were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into six groups (20 rats/ group) as follow: g1: normal control, G2: hypercholesterolemic rats; G3: Normal rats treated with WG; G4: hypercholesterolemic rats treated with WG; G5: Normal rats treated with WGO; G6: hypercholesterolemic rats treated with WGO for 6 weeks. Also WG was analysed for its nutritive value, while WGO was analysed for fatty acid profile, and studied for its physico-chemical properties. The results showed significant elevation of liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum lipid profile in untreated rats fed on hypercholesterolemic diet. Hypercholesterolemic rats treated with WG/WGO showed an improvement in the biochemical assay of their lipid profile compared with untreated hypercholesterolemic rats. WG/WGO may be able to protect against atherosclerosis and CVD. The administration of WG /WGO to diets of rats caused a marked reduction in TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG and MDA. This improvement effect may be mediated via enhancement of the antioxidant defence system and other factors. However, further clinical studies on human beings are required to assess the efficacy and safety of the WG/WGO.

Author Contributions
Received 02 Mar 2020; Accepted 18 Aug 2020; Published 25 Dec 2020;

Copyright ©  2020 Ghada Z A Soliman

License
Creative Commons License     This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Citation:

Ghada Z A Soliman (2020) Effect of Wheat Germ, Wheat Germ Oil on Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemic Rats. International Journal of Lipids - 1(1):11-20. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2835-513X.ijl-20-3247

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DOI 10.14302/issn.2835-513X.ijl-20-3247

Introduction

Body can get cholesterol through diet (exogenous) or synthesis (endogenous). Dietary cholesterol can affect lipid profile in human and animals. Feeding cholesterol-rich diets leads to hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol homeostasis is controlled through absorption, synthesis and excretion. Hypercholesterolemia plays an important role in heart damage, stroke and atherosclerosis 1 and associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that represent one of the greatest worldwide medical problems nowadays 2.

The National Cholesterol Education program 3 and 4, both allow consuming specific food component as plant sterol and dietary fibre that can lower cholesterol, LDL-C so we choose WG/WGO.

Wheat germ is a by-product of the flour milling industry and is an excellent source of vitamins, minerals, fibre and proteins 5. Also wheat germ is one of the richest known natural sources of tocopherols. Wheat germ protein is rich in amino acids, especially the essential amino acids lysine, methionine and threonine, in which many cereals are deficient 6.

Wheat germ oil (WGO) is an excellent source of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E 7. It is one of the richest natural sources of tocopherol (α, β, g), and α & g tocotrienols. Also it contains phytosterols, mainly camp sterol, β-cytosterol, which have strong antioxidant activity 8, and 7, carotenoids and phenolic compounds 9.

Wheat germ oil might reduce plasma and liver cholesterol in animals, 10, reduce oxidative stress and improve lipid metabolism 11; and 12.

Therefore the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of administration of wheat germ (WG) /wheat germ oil (WGO) for 6 weeks on serum lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (liver malondialdehyde) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Also would WG / WGO provide protection against oxidative stress in rats?

Materials and Methods

Experimental Animals

One hundred and twenty (120) male albino rats, average body weight 180-192 gm were used in the experiment. Rats were housed in separate wire mesh cages and kept at constant environmental and nutritional conditions throughout the period of experiment. The diet and water were ad libitum. The animals were left 10 days for acclimatization before the beginning of the experiment. The standard rat diet (AIN-93 M diet) was prepared according to 13, 14. Hypercholestrolemic diet was prepared by supplementation of the basal control diet with cholesterol (1%), and cholic acid (0.5%) 15.

Experimental Design

After acclimatization period, 120 adult male Sprague Dawely rats were divided into 6 groups, (20/ group) as follow:

Group 1: Normal, - ve control group, rats were fed on control diet.

Group 2: + ve control group, rats were fed on hypercholesterolemic diet.

Group 3: Normal rats fed on control diet supplemented with wheat germ (30%).

Group 4: Hypercholesterolemic rats treated with wheat germ (30%).

Group 5: Normal rats fed on control diet supplemented with wheat germ oil (1 g/kg BWt).

Group 6: Hypercholesterolemic rats treated with wheat germ oil (1 g/kg BWt).

After the end of the experiment (6 weeks), rats were fasted overnight, and then scarified under ether anaesthesia (Sigma, USA). Blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture. Fasting blood samples were collected in plain tubes, centrifuged for separation of serum at 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes, and sera were stored at –20 C for determination of the following biochemical measurements: total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triacylglycerol. Rat livers were excised to be used for determination of malondialdehyde after being washed with saline, dried and weighed. They were kept at -20 C till analysis.

Total cholesterol, TC; Serum HDL-C; and Serum LDL-C; was determined using SGM Italia, Rome, kit (Italy) according to the method of Allian et al.,16; Lopes-Virella et al.,17; Fruchart et al.,18 and Levy et al.,19; and Bucolo and David 20 respectively. VLDL-C was determined by using the following equation: VLDL-C=total cholesterol- (HDL-C+LDL-C). Atherogenic Index (AI) was calculated according to Lee and Niemann 21 using following equation: AI= (Total cholesterol-HDL-C)/HDL-C. Malondialdehyde was determined according to the method of Yoshioka et al., 22 and 23.

Rats were weighed twice/week to calculate Body weight gain (BWG) using the equation: BWG = Final body weight – initial body weight.

Wheat Germ/ wheat germ oil

Wheat germ was analysed for its proximate composition: moisture, ash, fat, fibre, dietary fibre and protein according to AOAC 24 standard methods. Fatty acid composition were determined accordance to the method of Morrison and Smith 25 Santos et al.,26, ISO 12966-2 27 and ISO 15304 28. Also chemical characteristics of wheat germ oils were assessed in terms of acid value, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, ester value and unsaponifiable matter. They were determined according to standard IUPAC methods for the analysis of oils and fats 29. Determination of phytosterol content was done according to Laakso30. The content of minerals and vitamins was assayed by means of the AAS flame technique,using a Unicam 929 apparatus (AA Spectrometer Unicam) and HPLC respectively using standard methods of AOAC 24 .

Statistical Analysis

Data are expressed as Mean ±SEM. All statistical data and significance tests (T Test for comparison between individual groups and control group; and post hoc Duncan test analysis for comparison between groups) were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 11 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05

Results

Results of Table 1 a,b,c,d illustrate nutritional value of WG. The results showed that WG contains high levels of protein (23.0%), Fat, crude fibres, and ash contents were 10.0, 1.32 and 4.21 %, respectively (Table 1a). WG has high dietary fibre content 16.0. Wheat germ contains 21 mg of vitamin E per 100g (210 mg/100 g oil). Wheat germ oil provides 20 mg vitamin E/ tbsp i.e. more than the recommended daily allowance of 15 mg of vitamin E (Table 1b).The most abundant minerals (mg/100g) were: Potassium (1050.0) and phosphorus (999.0) (Table 1c). Moreover, wheat germ showed to be a good source for essential amino acids. Saponification, iodine, peroxide values and unsaponifiable matters of the WGO were 187.25, 114.21, 3.5 and 4.33 respectively (Table 1d).

Table 1 a. Chemical composition of WG
Protein 23.0
Fat 10.0
Dietary fibre 16.0
Ash 4.21
Moisture 11.12
CHO 50.35
Fibre 1.32

Table 1 b. Vitamin content of wheat germ.
Folate 270.0 mg
Folic acid 0.00 mg
Niacin 5.2  mg
Pantothenic acid 1.91 mg
Riboflavin B2 0.71 mg
Thiamin B1 1.52 mg
Vitamin A 0.00 IU
B 11 82.0 mg
Vitamin B12 0.00 mg
Vitamin B6 1.300 mg
Vitamin C 0.0 mg
Vitamin D 0.00 IU
Vit E(tocopherols) 21.0 mg

Table 1 c: Mineral content of wheat germ.
  mg
Calcium, Ca 40.5mg
Copper, Cu 0.91mg
Iron, Fe 5.9 mg
Magnesium, mg 250 mg
Manganese, Mn 15.1mg
Phosphorus, P 990.0mg
Potassium, K 1050.0mg
Selenium, Se 79.0 mg
Sodium, Na 8.0 mg
Zinc, Zn 14.7mg
Calcium, Ca 40.5mg
Copper, Cu 0.91mg
Iron, Fe 5.9 mg

Table 1 d. Physicochemical characteristics of WGO.
Acid value (mg/g oil) 0.6
Acidity (as %oleic acid) 0.83
Saponification value (mg/goil) 187.25
Ester value (mg/g oil) 186.65
Iodine value (g I2/100 g of oil) 114.21
Peroxide value (meqO2/kg oil) 3.5
Unsaponifable matter (%) 4.33

Results of Table 2 illustrate lipid profile of WGO. The fatty acid profile was found to be made up of linoleic, ω-6 (53.21%) followed by palmitic (16.7) and oleic (15.36) as the major fatty acids. The free fatty acids were 9.64%. The wheat germ oil was found to be an incredible source of ω 3 (7.92) and ω 6 (53.21) essential fatty acids. Furthermore, MUFAs and the unsaturated fatty acids represent around 17.86 % and 79.07% of the total fatty acids respectively.

Table 2. Fatty acid profile of WGO/WG
Fatty acids WGO %
Lauric C 12:0 0.02
myristic C 14:0 0.12
pentadecanoic C 15:0 0.15
Palmitic C16:0 16.7
Palmitoleic C16:1 0.24
Margaric acid C 17:0 0.04
Stearic C18:0 2.06
eliadic C18:1n-9t 0.8
Oleic C18:1 15.36
Linoleic (ω-6 ) C18:2 53.21
Linolenic (ω-3) C18:3 3.5
linolenic C18:3n-3 4.42
Arachidic C20:0 0.25
Gadoleic C20:1 1.21
11-Eicosenoic acid (ω-9 ) C20:1 0.08
heneicosylic C21 1.3
Behenic C22:0 0.29
Total saturated   20.93
Total unsaturated   79.07
∑MUFA   17.86
∑PUFA   61.21
ω-6   53.21
ω-3   7.92
ω-6/ω-3   6.72
pufa/sfa   2.92
sfa/pufa   0.34
oleic/linoleic   0.29
S/U   0.26: 1
U/S   3.78: 1

Results of Table 3 illustrate Initial, Final and Body weight gain of the treated rats. Initial body weights (IBW) were comparable between all studied groups. However, final body weight (FBW) of all treated groups became significantly (P<0.001) lower than normal controls and significantly higher than untreated group (P<0.001, Table 3) being

Table 3. Initial, Final and Body weight gain of the treated rats
  -ve Cont +ve Cont Norm & WG Cholest & WG Norm & WG Cholest& WGO
  G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6
ZeroTime 184.70±0.70a 184.95±0.72a 183.95±0.70a 184.65±0.77a 183.70±0.45a 183.65±0.48a
End 261.70±2.26a 221.85±0.85b 255.40±0.87c 247.05±0.64d 250.90±0.92e 239.20±0.92f
BWG 77.00±2.25a 36.90±1.01b 71.45±1.18c 62.40±0.86d 67.20±1.00e 55.55±1.24f

Results of Table 4 revealed that hypercholesterolemic rats (g 2), showed significant increases in serum levels of TC, TGs, LDL-C, VLDL-C, AI and significant decreases in HDL-C when compared to the other groups. Liver MDA level was the highest in hypercholesterolemic rats. The oral administration of the WG/WGO to rats in experimental groups (3-6) significantly decreased serum lipid profile (TC, TGs, LDL-C, and VLDL-C), AI, liver MDA and significantly increased HDL-C level when compared to control negative group.

Table 4. Cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG, Liver MDA concentration in treated experimental rats and their Athrogenic index.
  -ve Cont +ve Cont Norm &WG Cholest&WG Norm &WGO Cholest& WGO
  G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6
Cholesterol 94.7±0.70 a 164.95±0.72b 87.55±1.20a,c 119.65±0.77d 89.30±0.97 c,e 128.65±0.48f
HDL-C 44.08±0.25 a 39.65±0.09 b 43.72±0.11a 42.45±0.07c 42.83±0.11 d 41.58±0.10e
LDL-C 32.55±0.88 a 89.68±0.66 b 23.76±1.31 c 56.45±0.96d 25.95±0.67 c,e 63.75±0.50f
VLDL-C 18.07±0.28 a 35.62±0.34 b 20.07±0.28 c 20.75±0.42c,d 21.27±0.38 d,e 23.32±0.38f
TG 90.35±1.39 a 181.64±1.75b 81.35±1.39 c 105.82±2.13 d 85.98±1.53 e 118.94±1.93f
Liver MDA 14.87±0.24 a 22.70±0.22 b 15.03±0.14 a, 20.07±0.28 c 16.57±0.14 d 21.39±0.17 e
AI 1.15±0.02 a 3.16±0.02 b 1.00±0.03 c 1.82±0.02 d 1.09±0.02 e 2.09±0.01 f
TG/HDL-C 2.05±0.03 a 4.58±0.05 b 1.86±0.03 c 2.49±0.05 d 2.01±0.04 d 2.86±0.05 e

Discussion

The nutritive value and physicochemical properties of WG agree with Sakhawat et al., 31.

Analysis of wheat germ oil showed that WGO is a good source of Linolenic, ω-3 (7.92) and Linoleic, ω-6 (53.21) and the ω-6/ ω-3 ratio of WGO was 6.7. It has been also suggested that ω-6/ ω-3 ratio of 10 or less results in a reduction in fatal CHD risk 32; and 33. Wheat germ oil also has an excellent ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio. According to Ribarova et al.,34 polyunsaturated fatty acids must make up 10% of the total energy ingested for an adequate diet. The consumption of 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) is commonly thought to be capable of reducing LDL and total cholesterol. Several scientific studies have shown that ω-3 fatty acids have benefits for lowering CHD risk. The SFAs% was 20.93%. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids (S: U), a commonly used criteria to describe the nutritional value of fat, was low for wheat germ oil (0.26).

Wheat germ reduction of cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and TG may be due to presence of some proteins with pancreatic lipase inhibiting properties; interfere with lipid hydrolysis in the stomach and small intestine, thus inducing a decrease in the intestinal absorption of lipids and dietary cholesterol 35, 36; or due to presence of policosanol in WG/WGO which inhibit the absorption of bile acids 37, 38, decreased cholesterol synthesis 11, reduce LDL-C level and enhanced cholesterol catabolism 39, or may be due to apo-E receptors responsible for hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants 40 where chylomicrons are totally taken up by the liver leading to its accumulation in the liver and lower intestinal absorption 41; Also presence of high concentration of vitamin E, powerful antioxidant, which can inhibit the oxidative modification of LDL-C 42.

Wheat germ has a high content of biologically active phytosterol (340.7 mg %) that might have a role in reducing cholesterol absorption leading to lower serum cholesterol level and LDL-C 43, 44.

Wheat germ oils are rich in linolenic acid which aid in a higher cholesterol secretion into the bile and depletion of the intra-hepatic pool of cholesterol, leading to an increase in cholesterol synthesis and turnover 45. Also wheat germ oil might reduce hepatic lipid accumulation by stimulating β-oxidation and suppressing fatty acid synthesis 46.

Essential fatty acids, ω 3, of WGO exert antioxidant effect as by inhibiting certain enzymes, which mediate the generation of free radicals, thus reducing the amount of free radicals generated 7. The anti-atherosclerotic effect WGO may be also exerted via inhibition of oxidative stress mediated CD40 ligand up regulation 47.

WG/ WGO reduction of triacylglycerol may be due to presence of monounsaturated fatty acid, vitamin E and phytosterol. Also may be due to an increase in membrane permeability and fluidity 48 or due to the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and the reduction in triacylglycerol lipolysis 35.

Wheat germ reduction of cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and TG may be due to high dietary fibre content (16.0%) which might have some effects on cholesterol metabolism. The consumption of dietary fibre has been shown to be inversely associated with CHD 49. Streppel et al., 50 stated that each intake of 10g/ day of Dietary fibre in the diet might reduce CHD mortality by 17%.

The WG/ WGO induce the tocopherol-mediated redox system and inhibit the synthesis of eicosanoid, which activates the lipid peroxidation (LPO) process 51. The WGO also contains fat-soluble carotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-carotene tocopherols, flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have antioxidant effect 12; 52.

Hypercholesterolemia induces oxidative stress resulting in increased risk for atherosclerosis development 53 by causing a reduction in the enzymatic antioxidant defence potential of tissues, generation of free radicals and an imbalance between free radicals production and antioxidant levels leading to elevated oxidative stress and accelerated lipid peroxidation, atherosclerosis and heart diseases 54.

The antiatherogenic effect of WGO was attributed to tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids. Tocopherols considered as strong antioxidant due to its radical scavenging activity preventing cell membranes lipid peroxidation 8; Also phytosterols which have an antioxidant effect 43; phenolic compounds which might have free radical scavenging activity and unsaturated fatty acids 9. The ratio of TG/HDL-C for hypercholesterolemic rats is significantly higher than normal control group (4.58 vs 2.05) indicating an abnormal atherogenic lipid profile 55.

Malondialdehyde is a good indicator of lipid peroxidation and reflects the degree of oxidation in the body. In the current study increase in MDA level was observed in the hypercholesterolemic positive control group as compared to normal negative control group. Also, data showed a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity level in the positive control as compared to negative control.

Addition of WG / WGO to diets of rats caused a marked reduction in MDA concentration and an improvement in total antioxidant capacity. Juskiewicz et al., 56 demonstrated that wheat germ contains compounds such as benzoquinones and other plant flavonoids which increase the antioxidant potential of serum and control oxidative stress and cell damage.

Conclusion

WG/WGO may be able to protect against atherosclerosis and CVD. The administration of WG /WGO to diets of rats caused a marked reduction in TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG and MDA. This improvement effect may be mediated via enhancement of the antioxidant defence system and other factors. However, further clinical studies on human beings are required to assess the efficacy and safety of the WG/WGO.

Financial Support and Sponsorship

Nil.

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