Influence of Visual Impairment on The Quality of Life: A Survey of Patients Reporting at The Low Vision Centre of the Eastern Regional Hospital Of Ghana

Visual impairment refers to loss of vision due to blindness and or low vision state of a person, which cannot be corrected by conventional ophthalmic therapy such as refractive correction, use of medication or surgery and consequently affects visual capabilities ¹,². The World Health Organization expands this definition by including that, persons with visual impairment have a visual acuity of less than 6/18 up to light – perception, and may also have a visual field of less than ten degrees (10°) which they use or can potentially use for the planning and or execution of visual tasks ³. Many visually impaired persons have some form of residual (low) vision that may be sufficient for their visual needs upon receiving some form visual rehabilitation and expert clinical counseling ¹.

Global estimates of visual impairment as of 2012 were 285 million (39 million blind people versus 246 people with low vision) ⁴. Some 80% - 90% of world’s visually impaired people live in third world countries. Reports from Sub – Saharan Africa show that, 3% of Ghana’s population is visually impaired from a number of causes ⁵.This underscores visual impairment as enormous public health problem, particularly in the developing world.

The causes of visual impairment are many and varied; some of them are present at birth and others acquired later in life. Congenital conditions namely, glaucoma, amblyopia, cataract, nystagmus and malformation of the visual system have been implicated in visual impairment. Some other cited causes of visual impairment include ocular injuries; age related diseases such as age related macular degeneration (ARMD), diabetic retinopathy and other forms of degenerative eye diseases ^{6, 7, 8, 9}.

Individuals who are visually impaired experience a significant impact on their quality of life which may vary per age. The visually impaired child may suffer delayed development of gross and fine motor skills as well as perception. Certain studies mention that, the life span of a visually impaired person could be significantly affected. Apart from these, impaired vision may cause disabilities by interfering with a person’s ability to function independently – depriving them of their ability to perform everyday tasks such as traveling or navigating safely in one’s environment ^{10, 11, 12, 13, 14}.

Other people may suffer from visual impairment – specific problems including but not limited to difficulty in recognizing faces, inability in reading standard – sized prints, challenges with driving or using other forms of vehicular transport. For some people, visual impairment may deprive of them their ability to pursue leisure. Generally, visual impairment is thought to negatively affect the mental and physical well – being of affected individuals ^{15, 16, 17}

While clinical evaluation of visual impairment is helpful in quantifying the extent of vision loss, relating visual impairment to its impact on the quality of life (QoL) and functional ability also proves useful – in providing a complete picture of the burden of visual impairment that is beyond conventional methods of clinical evaluation ^{11, 18, 19, 20}. Outcome of quality of life assessments can help in choosing suitable management or modifying existing management plans for people with various degrees of visual impairment; either by prescription of low vision aids or other visual rehabilitation programs.

Herein, was an attempt to evaluate the influence of visual impairment on the quality of life of patients reporting at the Low Vision Centre of the Eastern Regional Hospital in Koforidua, Ghana.

This study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. We employed the convenience sampling technique in the selection of the participants who comprised all consenting persons aged 14 years and above reporting at the Low Vision Centre of the Eastern Regional Hospital from January 2014 to March 2014 were enlisted in the study.

Data relevant to the study were gathered using an interviewer – administered questionnaire. We adopted the WHO’s Quality of Life assessment tool and created additional sections to collect information on participants’ age, gender, occupation, cause of visual impairment and their presenting visual acuities.

We analyzed data collected using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v 20.0) software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Graphs were plotted using Microsoft Excel version 2010. Descriptive statistics were employed. Test of associations were performed. Differences between comparable groups were studied using Independent sam

Results from this study indicated that more males (53.5%) were visually impaired than females. This is consistent with other findings and may have arisen due to the globally known discrepancies of gender in accessing eye care ^{21, 22, 23}. These figures may therefore not be a true reflection of the proportion of males versus females with visual impairment in the community. It may only reflect the proportion of males and females that access eye care at this particular centre.

In many communities in Ghana, women are mostly house wives and therefore depend on the men (husbands) for support and for that matter cannot afford the cost of eye care on their own. Thus when a man and his wife both have an eye problem and he can afford the cost of treatment for only one person, it is often agreeable that the man seeks eye care since he is the one working to support the family. There was a generally higher literacy rate among males – this perhaps makes them more aware of the signs and symptoms of the various eye diseases prompting them to access eye care ^{24, 25}

We recorded a higher number of males (53.1%) than females. This probably translates into our finding that most of the visually impaired were males. While this was what we found, a study conducted in an Indian aged population ¹⁸ , on the impact of impaired vision and eye disease on quality of showed the contrary; 56.5% of the visually impaired in that study populations were females, with the others being males.

A significant difference in age was realized between participants who were visually impaired and participants who were not visually impaired. The mean age of “normal” sighted participants was 34.31 ± 13.08 and that of the visually impaired participants was 53.74 ±18.43.Though it may prove challenging to explain this finding, a possible inference that could be drawn to account for this observation is that most of the causes of visual impairment – glaucoma, cataract and other retinopathies are commoner among people of in the fourth to fifth decades of life and beyond ^{26, 27, 28}. It is interesting to note that most studies on the impact of visual impairment on the quality of life reviewed were carried out in the elderly population aged 40 years and above because visual impairment is generally known or assumed to be a problem of the elderly ^{8, 29, 30}.

However, visual impairment in childhood has far reaching implication for the affected child since the child will live with the impairment for a greater period of time. Thus and throughout life, the visual impairment will profoundly affect the influences educational, employment, personal and social prospects of the individual (child) in question. In this study, 23% of the visually impaired were younger than 40 years and therefore future research on the impact of visual impairment on quality of life must not exclude them.

Visual impairment is more prevalent in the elderly population especially after the age of 50 years. According to WHO, about 65% of all people who are visually impaired are aged 50 years and older ⁴. The observation that a greater percentage of 60.47% of the visually impaired were aged 50 years or greater in this study is in line with WHO reports. It was found that the proportion of the visually impaired participants increased with increasing age. Most of the visually impaired participants (25.6%) were within the age group of 61 and 70 years.

Our study showed that, relative to adult participants with no visual impairment, a greater proportion of adult participants with visual impairment were not working. Similarly, a study ³¹ carried out in the US to assess the impact of unilateral and bilateral visual impairment and its severity on health-related quality of life in Latinos 40 years and older revealed that a greater proportion of the visually impaired were unemployed as compared to the visually impaired. This is expected due to the visual requirements of many occupations. Every occupation requires some level of good vision in order to perform functions effectively at the work place. A high level of unemployment among the visually impaired further negatively impacts their quality of life since they do not make any income and become financially dependent on family to cater for themselves and to buy any medication and low vision aids that can help improve their quality of life. The importance of taking steps to prevent visual impairment should be a public health priority.

This study determined that, on the average, people with visual impairment were less educated than those with no visual impairment. Consistent with our study, were two different investigations ^{18, 31, 32} which reported that level of education was likely to be affected by visual impairment with lower number of years of formal education among the visually impaired. The exact association between level of education and visual impairment could not be revealed since we do not know the age of onset of the visual impairment and the presence of other factors like age, gender and socioeconomic status that influences level of education.

Further, our study found causes of visual impairment similar to what others haveother reported. The major causes of visual impairment were cataract (32.6%), glaucoma (27.9%) and refractive error (16.3%). A study done on cataract in Wenchi district ³³ , Ghana shows that it is a leading causes of visual impairment. That study showed that cataract (62.5%) was the most common cause of blindness in individuals aged 30 years and older. Studies done in China, Indonesia and Ethiopia have also shown that cataract was the leading cause of low vision, accounting for 49.83%, 61.30% and 55.00% in China, Indonesia and Ethiopia respectively ⁴. According to reports from WHO, the principal causes of visual impairment globally are uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts, 43% and 33 % respectively. Other causes are glaucoma, 2%, age related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, trachoma and corneal opacities, all about 1%.

We also found that as many as 37.5% and 15.4% of the participants with normal vision had refractive error and glaucoma respectively. This shows that management of the eye disease or condition can prevent visual impairment and its impact on the quality of life. It is important though that this “normal” or no visual impairment group is monitored closely, as operational definition for vision impairment encompasses people with visual acuity of 6/6 – 6/18 in the better eye. Some are close to the 6/18 end of the spectrum thus making them borderline visual impairment candidates.

Quality of life was measured by self-report; we used the generic WHOQoL-Bref rather than a vision-specific questionnaire. We chose this tool because it has particular utility in a population in which studies of quality of life have been rarely conducted and is designed for use across diverse cultures ³⁴. By allowing assessment to be made in four life domains, the instrument provides an opportunity to examine the specific impacts of visual impairment in these areas.

As presented in the results, our study demonstrates that visual impairment is associated with a significant decrease in quality of life. The impact of visual impairment on quality of life was all encompassing, with significant reductions in the physical, psychological, social as well as environmental domains, and accounting for 7.5% unadjusted reduction in the overall quality of life of the participants in this sample. The decrement in quality of life was greatest in the environmental domain which indicates that visual impairment greatly affects our capacity for work, ability to get around and dependency on medication. A comparable study in Nigeria ³² found an association of visual impairment with reduced quality of life among the aged 65 years and older ³⁵. They explored the impact of distance and near visual impairment on quality of life separately. Whiles the effect of distance visual impairment was limited to quality of life in the environmental domain, that of near visual impairment affected all the four domains. The reduction in quality of life scores for distant visual impairment was only remarkable in the environmental domains since affected older persons would be less able to move about and socialize.

We also detected intragroup differences in terms of how the participants rated their quality of life (Table 5). This finding should be considered in the light of the subjectivity of the individual participants in terms how they interpret and experience each of the elements in the four domains of quality of life studies. By this, it for example, proves challenging to explain why “67.3%” of the visually impaired rated quality of life as good while 25.0% rated quality of life as “very good” for them.

Moreover, this study predictably showed a distinct pattern of greater reduction in quality of life with increasing severity of visual impairment. Compared to participants with moderate visual impairment, participants with severe visual impairment had significantly lower QoL score which was lowest among the blind participants. One other study ³¹ found that impact of visual impairment on quality of life was profound in people with poorer vision. Similarly, it was observed in a large population-based study of Mexican Americans ³⁶ that there were steeper decreases in scores for driving, distance vision, and mental health with worsening vision. Such findings further substantiate the view that the impact of visual impairment on quality of life is determined by the severity of the impairment ³⁷.

Other reports ¹⁰ have ranked that vision loss is as one of the world’s major causes of loss of wellbeing. These reports have also indicated that limitations in the performance of desired tasks bring about frustrations which can consequently lead to depression. This finding further agrees with what is reported in one other similar study ³⁸. This latter study indicated that most low vision patients worried about the effect of the visual impairment on their quality of life ³⁸.

Additional reduction in quality of life was observed when participants indicated that they were frustrated, had less control over what they do, relied on others a lot and also needed more help from others in the performance of desired tasks. As a result of this, the visually impaired accomplished less than they desired to. This clearly points to the fact that, generally, the visually impaired is not satisfied with the heights they reach in activities they perform. Generally, for a person to accomplish something, it may be required that the individual works longer and harder than what he/she can normally do. Results show that their visual impairment affected the attainment of their desired goals. This was also realized from the findings of this study. It can thus be said that, the issue of visual impairment and its consequences cannot be relegated to the affected individuals only. If these individuals are relying on others and requiring more help from other people in their homes, work places and schools and wherever they find themselves, it then implies the active involvement of the family, friends, colleagues and schoolmates, the community and entire society. It has also been reported that there existed significant individual, public health, and community consequences of visual impairment for people caring for and assisting the visually impaired ^{38, 39}.

It suffices to say that, visual impairment affects the quality of life of the participants of this study. The reduction in the quality of life in the physical, environmental, social and psychological domains of their lives was invariably significant. Quality of life was severely affected when there was remarkable vision impairment. We realized that visual impairment was a problem of both the younger and aged participants.

Visual impairment should be treated as an issue of major public concern. Efforts should be made to include quality of life assessment in the care protocol for the visually impaired. This will help in effective rehabilitation of the visually impaired, maximizing the residual vision and helping to enjoy life and to perform everyday tasks to the optimum. We further encourage future studies to include participants belonging to a wide age range and presenting with different causes of visual impairment. This will provide useful insight into how quality of life may be affected in visual impairment.

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